Barcaldine is a small town and Local Government Area located in Western Queensland, Australia, approximately 520 kilometres (320 mi) by road west of the city of Rockhampton. The town is the administrative centre of the Barcaldine region. Town population is around 1900. Major industries are wool and grazing. The town takes its name from a sheep station called Barcaldine Downs, which was named for Barcaldine, Argyll and Bute, Scotland.

Barcaldine played a significant role in the Australian labour movement and the birth of the Australian Labor Party. In 1891, it was one of the focal points of the 1891 Australian shearers' strike, with the Eureka Flag flying over the strike camp. The landmark Tree of Knowledge, under which the strikers met, stood outside the railway station. In 2006, persons unknown poisoned the tree with the herbicide Roundup, which led to its demise.